For lack of a better name, scientists call this mysterious force dark energy. What's more, the force seems to be growing stronger as the universe expands. Scientists now think that the accelerated expansion of the universe is driven by a kind of repulsive force generated by quantum fluctuations in otherwise "empty" space. One scientist likened the finding to throwing a set of keys up in the air expecting them to fall back down-only to see them fly straight up toward the ceiling. But when two independent teams tried to measure the rate of deceleration, they found that the expansion was actually speeding up. Previously, physicists had assumed that the attractive force of gravity would slow down the expansion of the universe over time. Expanding Universeĭark energy is even more mysterious, and its discovery in the 1990s was a complete shock to scientists. According to such ideas, there are multiple forms of gravity, and the large-scale gravity governing galaxies differs from the gravity to which we are accustomed. Other scientists think the effects of dark matter could be explained by fundamentally modifying our theories of gravity. Several scientific groups, including one at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, are currently working to generate dark matter particles for study in the lab.
One leading hypothesis is that dark matter consists of exotic particles that don't interact with normal matter or light but that still exert a gravitational pull. Scientists have a few ideas for what dark matter might be. For example, pictures of galaxies that include strange rings and arcs of light could be explained if the light from even more distant galaxies is being distorted and magnified by massive, invisible clouds of dark matter in the foreground-a phenomenon known as gravitational lensing. This puzzling result makes sense if one assumes that the boundary stars are feeling the gravitational effects of an unseen mass -dark matter -in a halo around the galaxy.ĭark matter could also explain certain optical illusions that astronomers see in the deep universe. But observations show that stars orbit at more or less the same speed regardless of where they are in the galactic disk. But scientists are confident it exists because of the gravitational effects it appears to have on galaxies and galaxy clusters.įor instance, according to standard physics, stars at the edges of a spinning, spiral galaxy should travel much slower than those near the galactic center, where a galaxy's visible matter is concentrated. It doesn't interact with baryonic matter and it's completely invisible to light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter impossible to detect with current instruments. Scientists have not yet observed dark matter directly. The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible substance called dark matter (25 percent) and a force that repels gravity known as dark energy (70 percent). Perhaps one of the most surprising discoveries of the 20th century was that this ordinary, or baryonic, matter makes up less than 5 percent of the mass of the universe. The visible universe -including Earth, the sun, other stars, and galaxies -is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons bundled together into atoms.